http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3 Botswana is faced with the challenge of ensuring that the nation successfully deals with the dynamics of the “second transition”. This is the development phase which is characterised by mineral-led growth, with its dependence on windfall (unearned) income and government-led development, to income earned from being competitive, productive and efficient, derived from selling (exporting) goods and services to other countries in the region and globally. The “first transition”, during the period after independence, was from a rural/agricultural economy to a fast growing, mineral-led economy. The Macroeconomics and Development research focuses on this challenge of transitioning to diversified, export-led growth, and the macroeconomic policies that are necessary to support this transition. This covers areas such as fiscal policy, monetary and exchange rate policy, infrastructure and development of the financial sector. These areas are grouped under three research themes, and these are Macroeconomic Policy, Finance, and Infrastructure Development. Sat, 20 Jun 2026 11:58:31 GMT 2026-06-20T11:58:31Z http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/bitstream/id/b433c6bd-9ffb-4b8d-ba1b-794d8865f3fa/Macroeconomics.jpg http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3 http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/177 The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth in Botswana Motsatsi, Johane M. The tourism sector has gained much attention to be a strategic sector for Botswana’s economic diversification in the past few years, given the country’s lack of economic diversification. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the impact of tourism on economic growth and assess its potential to promote economic diversification. The study employs an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model with annual time series data for the period 1974-2023. The estimated results show that tourism arrivals have a positive impact on real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita both in the short-run (SR) and logrun (LR). The findings indicate that a percentage increase in the number of tourism arrivals would increase real GDP per capita by 0.06 and 0.56 percent in the SR and LR, respectively. This indicates that tourism has the potential to promote economic and export diversification. However, Botswana’s tourism sector is not competitive compared to other regional countries (e.g. Seychelles and Mauritius), despite the country’s comparative advantage, abundance of wildlife and being peaceful in nature. To achieve the national objectives of export and economic diversification, policies intended to promote tourism development need to be strengthened. Upgrading tourism infrastructure, promoting hospitality skills, product diversification and clear market strategy will ensure the sector is competitive in the global market. Further, since tourism is labour intensive, it will provide immediate employment opportunities, particularly for young people and those living in rural areas, which as a result will address unemployment challenges the country is experiencing. The series comprises of papers which reflect work in progress or limited research efforts, which may be of interest to researchers and policy makers, or of a public education character. Working papers may already have been published elsewhere or may appear in other publications. Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/177 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/169 Ex Gratia Payments for Loss of Human Life Due to Wild Animals' Attack in Botswana Blackie, Israel R. ABSTRACT Ex gratia payment is paid only to families of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) victims who get killed by wildlife, and not to victims who are injured by wild animals regardless of the severity of the injury, even if it results in permanent disability. This study was carried out to assess the relevance and effectiveness of the ex gratia payment to victims of wild animals’ attack. Participants included traditional leadership (chiefs), government officials, wildlife NGOs, victims and their caretakers. Local people exposed to lifethreatening wildlife attacks express fear and animosity towards wild animals, and also feel left out and disappointed by a fragmented government service delivery system. Delays in processing ex gratia payment militates against the effectiveness of the ex gratia scheme. Payment of ex gratia process needs to be re-engineered to improve its effectiveness to serve its novel objectives. This study recommends establishment of an Ex Gratia Scheme or Ex Gratia Tribunal where all HWC injuries or death incidents can be effectively dealt with. Most importantly, compensation should consider healthcare and rehabilitation, loss of reasonable The series comprises of papers which reflect work in progress, which may be of interest to researchers and policy makers, or of a public education character. Working papers may already have been published elsewhere or may appear in other publications. Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/169 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/168 Social Impact Analysis of the Human-Wildlife Conflict on Victims and their Families in Botswana Blackie, Israel R. ABSTRACT The period between 2009 and 2019 has witnessed an unprecedented increase in the number of human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) resulting in people being injured and/or killed by the wildlife in Botswana. This national tracer study, guided by constructivism approach, covered 66 HWC victims and their families in over 65 villages. The study utilised mixed methods approach to ascertain the magnitude and social impact of HWC on victims and their families following injuries and loss of life from the wildlife. The results of the study indicate that the advent of HWC is transforming rural communities’ livelihoods from being agriculturally based, to being dependent on a costly government aided destitute program. The study also found that victims of HWC experience recurring headaches, itching and other pains which are symptomatic of bacterial infections from claws and the mouth of predators that gets injected deep into the body when animals bite people. The study recommends that government should ensure development of a comprehensive medical health care and effective therapeutic rehabilitation policy to facilitate psychosocial adjustment of HWC survivors. Collaborative research between wildlife veterinarians, medical practitioners and allied health service providers is urgently required to guide development of comprehensive medical health care and effective rehabilitation post-traumatic wildlife attack. Keywords: Botswana, destitute, elephants, human-wildlife conflict, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosocial, social impact. The series comprises of papers which reflect work in progress or limited research efforts, which may be of interest to researchers and policy makers, or of a public education character. Working papers may already have been published elsewhere or may appear in other publications. Tue, 01 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/168 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/167 Macroeconomic Policy Convergence and a SADC Free Trade Area Harvey, Charles Regional free trade areas fail because one member country is perceived as getting more than its share of the benefits. Most non-SACU SADC economies would not be able to export to a newly opened South African market, so their uncompetitive manufacturing sectors need new investment. Such investment will not occur in situations of extreme macroeconomic stability, and where there is lack of credibility that macroeconomic stability (if achieved) would be sustained. Unfortunately, the macroeconomic track record of some SADC member countries makes their credibility very low. What is needed is an "external agency of restraint", to provide that credibility, quickly. The IMF and the World Bank are not suitable, because their programmes are often abandoned or fail. SADC governments must therefore create a regional agency of restraint, by voluntary negotiated agreement, with credible sanctions against breaking its rules. Without this, there will not be the investment in non-SACU members, which is necessary for all members to gain from a SADC free trade area. An attempt to establish a SADC free trade area, without making sure that all the member countries stand to gain in the short term, would condemn SADC to failure. Paper written for Industrial Strategy Project of the Development Policy Research Unit University of Cape Town: Regional Research Workshop 30-31 August 1999, Irene Country Lodge, Gauteng Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT http://knowledge.bidpa.bw:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/167 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z